SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  cscart_categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    10057, 10058, 10059, 10060, 10061, 10062, 
    10063, 10064, 10065, 10066, 10067, 
    10068, 10069, 10070, 10071, 10076
  )

Query time 0.00055

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "7.42"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_categories",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": [
        "parent"
      ],
      "key": "parent",
      "used_key_parts": [
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "key_length": "3",
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 16,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 16,
      "filtered": "100.00",
      "using_index": true,
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "4.22",
        "eval_cost": "3.20",
        "prefix_cost": "7.42",
        "data_read_per_join": "94K"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "category_id",
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "attached_condition": "(`webmarco`.`cscart_categories`.`parent_id` in (10057,10058,10059,10060,10061,10062,10063,10064,10065,10066,10067,10068,10069,10070,10071,10076))"
    }
  }
}