SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  cscart_categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    8547, 8560, 8551, 8555, 8558, 8564, 8569, 
    8571, 8582, 8587, 8592, 8594, 8598, 
    8606, 8609
  )

Query time 0.00034

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "7.02"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_categories",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": [
        "parent"
      ],
      "key": "parent",
      "used_key_parts": [
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "key_length": "3",
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 15,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 15,
      "filtered": "100.00",
      "using_index": true,
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "4.02",
        "eval_cost": "3.00",
        "prefix_cost": "7.02",
        "data_read_per_join": "88K"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "category_id",
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "attached_condition": "(`webmarco`.`cscart_categories`.`parent_id` in (8547,8560,8551,8555,8558,8564,8569,8571,8582,8587,8592,8594,8598,8606,8609))"
    }
  }
}