SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  cscart_categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    3051, 3066, 3071, 3078, 3097, 3100, 3115, 
    3139, 3148, 3150, 3157, 3180
  )

Query time 0.00036

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "6.22"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_categories",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": [
        "parent"
      ],
      "key": "parent",
      "used_key_parts": [
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "key_length": "3",
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 13,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 13,
      "filtered": "100.00",
      "using_index": true,
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "3.62",
        "eval_cost": "2.60",
        "prefix_cost": "6.22",
        "data_read_per_join": "77K"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "category_id",
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "attached_condition": "(`webmarco`.`cscart_categories`.`parent_id` in (3051,3066,3071,3078,3097,3100,3115,3139,3148,3150,3157,3180))"
    }
  }
}