SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  cscart_categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    5963, 5983, 6077, 6031, 6000, 6096, 6036, 
    6011, 6109
  )

Query time 0.00041

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "5.82"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_categories",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": [
        "parent"
      ],
      "key": "parent",
      "used_key_parts": [
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "key_length": "3",
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 12,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 12,
      "filtered": "100.00",
      "using_index": true,
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "3.42",
        "eval_cost": "2.40",
        "prefix_cost": "5.82",
        "data_read_per_join": "71K"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "category_id",
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "attached_condition": "(`webmarco`.`cscart_categories`.`parent_id` in (5963,5983,6077,6031,6000,6096,6036,6011,6109))"
    }
  }
}