SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  cscart_categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    2658, 266, 5699, 2653, 2661, 932, 5684, 
    930, 8513, 2767, 2789, 2800, 2812, 2837, 
    2843
  )

Query time 0.00055

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "59.92"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_categories",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": [
        "parent"
      ],
      "key": "parent",
      "used_key_parts": [
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "key_length": "3",
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 147,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 147,
      "filtered": "100.00",
      "using_index": true,
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "30.52",
        "eval_cost": "29.40",
        "prefix_cost": "59.92",
        "data_read_per_join": "871K"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "category_id",
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "attached_condition": "(`webmarco`.`cscart_categories`.`parent_id` in (2658,266,5699,2653,2661,932,5684,930,8513,2767,2789,2800,2812,2837,2843))"
    }
  }
}