SELECT 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id, 
  MIN(
    IF(
      cscart_product_prices.percentage_discount = 0, 
      cscart_product_prices.price, 
      cscart_product_prices.price - (
        cscart_product_prices.price * cscart_product_prices.percentage_discount
      )/ 100
    )
  ) AS price 
FROM 
  cscart_product_prices 
WHERE 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id IN (
    371809, 371810, 371803, 371801, 371806, 
    371805, 371802, 371811, 371804, 371812, 
    371807, 371813, 371808, 371814, 371816, 
    371817, 371815
  ) 
  AND cscart_product_prices.lower_limit = 1 
  AND cscart_product_prices.usergroup_id IN (0, 1) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id

Query time 0.00212

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "47.66"
    },
    "grouping_operation": {
      "using_filesort": false,
      "table": {
        "table_name": "cscart_product_prices",
        "access_type": "range",
        "possible_keys": [
          "usergroup",
          "product_id",
          "lower_limit",
          "usergroup_id"
        ],
        "key": "usergroup",
        "used_key_parts": [
          "product_id",
          "usergroup_id",
          "lower_limit"
        ],
        "key_length": "9",
        "rows_examined_per_scan": 34,
        "rows_produced_per_join": 34,
        "filtered": "100.00",
        "cost_info": {
          "read_cost": "40.86",
          "eval_cost": "6.80",
          "prefix_cost": "47.66",
          "data_read_per_join": "2K"
        },
        "used_columns": [
          "product_id",
          "price",
          "percentage_discount",
          "lower_limit",
          "usergroup_id"
        ],
        "attached_condition": "((`webmarco`.`cscart_product_prices`.`lower_limit` = 1) and (`webmarco`.`cscart_product_prices`.`product_id` in (371809,371810,371803,371801,371806,371805,371802,371811,371804,371812,371807,371813,371808,371814,371816,371817,371815)) and (`webmarco`.`cscart_product_prices`.`usergroup_id` in (0,1)))"
      }
    }
  }
}