SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  cscart_categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    10256, 4525, 5272, 4004, 10255, 3535, 
    3539, 4003, 4001, 4254, 6536, 3532, 
    5684, 8356
  )

Query time 0.00094

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "65.13"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_categories",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": [
        "parent"
      ],
      "key": "parent",
      "used_key_parts": [
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "key_length": "3",
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 160,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 160,
      "filtered": "100.00",
      "using_index": true,
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "33.13",
        "eval_cost": "32.00",
        "prefix_cost": "65.13",
        "data_read_per_join": "948K"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "category_id",
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "attached_condition": "(`webmarco`.`cscart_categories`.`parent_id` in (10256,4525,5272,4004,10255,3535,3539,4003,4001,4254,6536,3532,5684,8356))"
    }
  }
}