SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  cscart_categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    2658, 2656, 2850, 2694, 2904, 2905, 2692, 
    2800, 2837, 2843
  )

Query time 0.00063

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "33.07"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_categories",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": [
        "parent"
      ],
      "key": "parent",
      "used_key_parts": [
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "key_length": "3",
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 80,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 80,
      "filtered": "100.00",
      "using_index": true,
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "17.07",
        "eval_cost": "16.00",
        "prefix_cost": "33.07",
        "data_read_per_join": "474K"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "category_id",
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "attached_condition": "(`webmarco`.`cscart_categories`.`parent_id` in (2658,2656,2850,2694,2904,2905,2692,2800,2837,2843))"
    }
  }
}