SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  cscart_categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    5678, 5603, 5651, 5666, 5673, 5713, 5721, 
    5728, 5738
  )

Query time 0.00083

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "5.02"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_categories",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": [
        "parent"
      ],
      "key": "parent",
      "used_key_parts": [
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "key_length": "3",
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 10,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 10,
      "filtered": "100.00",
      "using_index": true,
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "3.02",
        "eval_cost": "2.00",
        "prefix_cost": "5.02",
        "data_read_per_join": "59K"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "category_id",
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "attached_condition": "(`webmarco`.`cscart_categories`.`parent_id` in (5678,5603,5651,5666,5673,5713,5721,5728,5738))"
    }
  }
}