SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  cscart_categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    5596, 5767, 5950, 6132, 6178, 6337, 6391, 
    6588, 6610, 6626, 6647
  )

Query time 0.00036

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "16.64"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_categories",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": [
        "parent"
      ],
      "key": "parent",
      "used_key_parts": [
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "key_length": "3",
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 39,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 39,
      "filtered": "100.00",
      "using_index": true,
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "8.84",
        "eval_cost": "7.80",
        "prefix_cost": "16.64",
        "data_read_per_join": "231K"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "category_id",
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "attached_condition": "(`webmarco`.`cscart_categories`.`parent_id` in (5596,5767,5950,6132,6178,6337,6391,6588,6610,6626,6647))"
    }
  }
}