SELECT 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id, 
  MIN(
    IF(
      cscart_product_prices.percentage_discount = 0, 
      cscart_product_prices.price, 
      cscart_product_prices.price - (
        cscart_product_prices.price * cscart_product_prices.percentage_discount
      )/ 100
    )
  ) AS price 
FROM 
  cscart_product_prices 
WHERE 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id IN (
    288, 13481, 13466, 13488, 13486, 13468, 
    13469, 13485, 13484, 35390, 13487, 
    38238, 287, 31800, 286, 535, 40404, 
    32880
  ) 
  AND cscart_product_prices.lower_limit = 1 
  AND cscart_product_prices.usergroup_id IN (0, 1) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id

Query time 0.00249

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "50.46"
    },
    "grouping_operation": {
      "using_filesort": false,
      "table": {
        "table_name": "cscart_product_prices",
        "access_type": "range",
        "possible_keys": [
          "usergroup",
          "product_id",
          "lower_limit",
          "usergroup_id"
        ],
        "key": "usergroup",
        "used_key_parts": [
          "product_id",
          "usergroup_id",
          "lower_limit"
        ],
        "key_length": "9",
        "rows_examined_per_scan": 36,
        "rows_produced_per_join": 36,
        "filtered": "100.00",
        "cost_info": {
          "read_cost": "43.26",
          "eval_cost": "7.20",
          "prefix_cost": "50.46",
          "data_read_per_join": "2K"
        },
        "used_columns": [
          "product_id",
          "price",
          "percentage_discount",
          "lower_limit",
          "usergroup_id"
        ],
        "attached_condition": "((`webmarco`.`cscart_product_prices`.`lower_limit` = 1) and (`webmarco`.`cscart_product_prices`.`product_id` in (288,13481,13466,13488,13486,13468,13469,13485,13484,35390,13487,38238,287,31800,286,535,40404,32880)) and (`webmarco`.`cscart_product_prices`.`usergroup_id` in (0,1)))"
      }
    }
  }
}