SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  cscart_categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    6631, 6713, 6632, 6714, 6304, 6633, 6305, 
    6715, 6717, 6306, 6718, 6307, 6634, 
    6635, 6308
  )

Query time 0.00036

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "10.23"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_categories",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": [
        "parent"
      ],
      "key": "parent",
      "used_key_parts": [
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "key_length": "3",
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 23,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 23,
      "filtered": "100.00",
      "using_index": true,
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "5.63",
        "eval_cost": "4.60",
        "prefix_cost": "10.23",
        "data_read_per_join": "136K"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "category_id",
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "attached_condition": "(`webmarco`.`cscart_categories`.`parent_id` in (6631,6713,6632,6714,6304,6633,6305,6715,6717,6306,6718,6307,6634,6635,6308))"
    }
  }
}